????? ???? ?? ???????? 2024 ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????

???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? 2024 ?????? ??? ????? ?????:
????? ???? "?????? ?????????? ????????".
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???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????. ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? 50 ?????: ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????.
?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? - ??????????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????. ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??. ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????. ??????? ?????????? ?????.
????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ??? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????.
????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? 20 ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ?? ??? 2003? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????.
??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????. ?? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????. ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????.
?? ??? 2020? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? AlphaFold2. ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? 200 ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ????????? ?? ??????? AlphaFold2 ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? 190 ????. ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????.
?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????????. ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????.
??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????????
??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? 20 ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???. ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????.
?? ???? ??? ??????????: ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? - ???????? ????? (????? 1). ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????. ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????.
???? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ???????? 2024 ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ?? 50 ?????: ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? 200 ????? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????: ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????.
????? ???? ?? ???????? 2024 ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????
???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????.
???? ??? ??????????
??? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????. ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? 1962.
???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????. ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????.
???: ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????????
???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????. ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????. ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???. ?? ??? 1961? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? 1972.
??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??? 1969. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? 100 ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? 10^47 ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???. ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????
???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????.
??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????
??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? - ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????.
??? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????: ????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? 1994 ??????? ???? "??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????" (CASP)? ????? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????. ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????.
?????? ?????? CASP ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????. ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????. ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? 2018? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????.
??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????
????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????: ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ????. ?? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ?? ??? 2010? ???? ?? ????? ???? DeepMind? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?? ??? ?????? ??? Google ?? ??? 2014? ???? ?????? ???? DeepMind ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????: ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? Go.
??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? Go ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????. ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? CASP ??????? ???? ?? ??? 2018.
??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????
?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? CASP ??? ???? 40? ?? ???? ???????. ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? AlphaFold? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? 60?. ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? - ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????. ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? 90? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????.
????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? AlphaFold - ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????: ??? ????.
??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????
??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????. ??? ???? ?? ??? 2008? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????.
??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? 2011? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????. ?????? ??? ????? ????????? - ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? - ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????. ?? ??? 2017? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? Google DeepMind ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????. ???? ??? ??? ???. ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? AlphaFold ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????.
????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????
???? ??????? ?????? - AlphaFold2 - ?????? ???? ???????????. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????: ??????? ??????? ???? ???? "transformers". ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????.
???? ?????? AlphaFold2 ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? (????? 2) ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? CASP.
?? ??? 2020? ????? ??? ????? CASP ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? 50 ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????. ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? AlphaFold2 ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????. ????? ????? ??? ????? CASP? ??? ????? ???????? ?? 4 ?????? 2020? ??? - ???? ????
?????? ??? ???
?? ??? 2020: ???? ???? ?? ??????????
????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? AlphaFold2 ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????. ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? 200 ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????.
??? ???? Google DeepMind ??? AlphaFold2 ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ????????. ????? ?????? 2024? ?????? AlphaFold2 ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? 190 ????. ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????. ???? ????? 5 ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? AlphaFold2 ????????.
??? ?????? CASP ???? 2020? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? Rosetta? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????. ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????.
???? ???? ????? ???????
???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????.
?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? - ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? - ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????.
????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????.
???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? 2024:
????? ????: ??? ??? 1962 ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ??? 1989 ?? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????. "?????? ?????????? ????????".
????? ???????: ??? ??? 1976 ?? ????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ??? 2009 ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ????? Google DeepMind? ????? ??????? ???????.
??? ??. ????: ??? ??? 1985 ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ??? 2017 ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ???? ???????? ?? Google DeepMind? ????? ??????? ???????. "????? ???? ????????"