صورة التدوينة

???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????.
????? "??? ????????" (2000) ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????.? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????.? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????.? ?
??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????(? ???????)? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???????.? ? ???? ???? ???? ??????.?
???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????!!!!



1- ??????? ????????? ???????:
???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? Karl F. Gauss . ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????. ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????.

??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????.? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????(1893? ??1971)? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????????.? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????.? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????????.? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????.?

???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????.?

???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????.? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??????.? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????(? ???????).?

??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????.? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????.? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????.? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????.? ??? ????1980? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????1992?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????.?


2- ????? ??????? ????????? Normal Curve
??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? Laplace? ?Demoiver ?Gausis? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????.

???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????." ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????. ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????.

3- ????? ??????? ?????????:
� ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????.
� ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??.
� ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? 1 ????
???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??:
?68% ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??+?? ???-?
95% ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? = 1.96 ? ???- 1.96?
99% ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??+2.58? ???-2.58?
???????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????? : ???????? ??????????? ??????? : ????????? ????????.??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? (68%) ?????? 34% ?????? 34% ?????? 16% ????? ????? (??????? ?? ?????) 14% ??? ??????? + 2% ??????? ???????? 16% ????? ???? (??????? ?? ?????) 14% ??? ??????? + 2% ??????? ?????. ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????.
???????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? (??????) ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? = ???? ?????? ??????? = 3? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? 3 ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? (??? ??????) ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? (??? ??????) ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????.
??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? "???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????"? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? 3? ????? ????????? (???????? = ???? ???????? = 3) ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? " ?????? ???" free distribution. ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? (???????) ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???.
????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? = ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? 3 ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? 3 ??? 2.8 ?? 3.1 ??????? = 3? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????.
4- ????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

???? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? :
? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? (???????).
? ??? ???????? (??2).
????? ??????? ????? (?????? ???????? ????????)? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? 3 ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? 3 ??? ?? ????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ?. ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? = ???? (?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????)? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????. ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ????.
???????? ????????
???????? Skews
???????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? Positively Skewed. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? Negatively Skewed . ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? (?????? ?????) ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????.

?????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????.

- ??? ??? ??????? ( ??????? ) ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????
( ?????????? ).
- ????? ???? ??????? ??? ( ??? ) ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ( ???????????? ).
????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????????:

5- ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????:
- ????? ????? : ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????????.
- ????? ?????? : ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????.
- ????? ???? ?????? : ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????.

6- ?????? ???? ?????? ???????: ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??:
-?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????: ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????.
-?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????: ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? (68 %)? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? 16 % ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? 16 % ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????.

7- ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????:
????? ?? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????.? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????(? ????? ???? ????)? ??????16%? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????68%? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????(? ????)? ?????? ????????(? ????? ??????)? ??????16%? ?????.? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????????(? ??????????)? ?????? ????????.? ?

???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????.? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????.

9- ????? ??????:
?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ???????:
? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????.
? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???????.
? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????.
? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????.
? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????.
? ????? ???????? ( ???????? ??????????) ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????.
? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
10- ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????:
????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???:
? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????.?
? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????.
? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ???????.
? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???????. ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????.
? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????.



???????

???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? (2000): ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? SPSS? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????.
??? ????????(2000) ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? http://telc.tanta.edu.eg/hosting/pro16/containt/L3.htm
??? ???? ??? (2000) ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????.
???? ??????? (2012) ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? http://www.saspea.com/vb/t429.html
??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? (2002): ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????.
???? ????? ????? (1978): ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????.
???? ???????(2011) ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? - http://www.arab-api.org/course13/c13_1.htm
???? ???? ?????? (2007): ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ????????.
??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????
(2005)

?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????????

http://www.arab-api.org/course13/c13_1.htm
http://www.arab-api.org/course13/c13_1.htm
http://www.mohp.gov.eg/Sec/Heducation/tadrib/5.doc
http://www.arab-api.org/course13/c13_4.htm
http://dentarab.com/site/index.php?page=show